However, these projects were of little avail, for Ras Kassai of Tigray had by this time (1872) risen to supreme power in the north. On the death of Tewodros, many Shewans, including Ras Darge, were released, and the young Negus of Shewa began to feel himself strong enough, after a few preliminary minor campaigns, to undertake offensive operations against the northern princes. Tewodros forged an alliance between Britain and Ethiopia, but as explained in the next section, he committed suicide after a military defeat by the British. Unless Jarma is a nickname for Axum (hypothetically from Ge'ez girma, 'remarkable, revered'), the capital had moved from Axum to a new site, yet undiscovered. Munro-Hay cites the Muslim historian Abu Ja'far al-Khwarazmi/Kharazmi (who wrote before 833) as stating that the capital of 'the kingdom of Habash' was Jarma. Lacking a detailed history, the kingdom's fall has been attributed to a persistent drought, overgrazing, deforestation, plague, a shift in trade routes that reduced the importance of the Red Sea-or a combination of these factors. Some people believed the end of the Axumite Kingdom is as much of a mystery as its beginning. An early tradition is that the offered asylum to a group of Muslims fleeing persecution during 's life (615), but Stuart Munro-Hay believes that Axum had been abandoned as the capital by then – although Kobishchanov states that Ethiopian raiders plagued the Red Sea, preying on Arabian ports at least as late as 702. The last king known to mint coins is, whose coinage refers to the Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614. The and had documented seafaring among the early: 'During the prosperous period of the, between the and, the -routes were kept in order, and sailed the as far as the -country.' Posited that this early trade relationship could have been realized through overland trade down the and its tributaries (i.e. Pharaonic records indicate this possession of myrrh as early as the First and Second dynasties (3407–2888 BC), which was also a prized product of the Horn of Africa Region inscriptions and pictorial reliefs also indicate ivory, panther and other animal skins, myrrh-trees and ostrich feathers from the African coastal belt and in the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty (2789–2767 BC) a Puntite is mentioned to be in the service of the son of, the builder of the Great Pyramid. The Ancient Egyptians were in possession of (found in ), which interprets to indicate trade between the two countries was extant from Ancient Egypt's beginnings. Egyptian traders from about 3000 BC refer to lands south of Nubia or Kush as and Yam.
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